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Jumat, 06 November 2015
ESPIONAGE IN SALT FILM: A STUDY OF POPULAR LITERATURE
ESPIONAGE IN SALT FILM:
A STUDY OF POPULAR LITERATURE
Juli
Setyoningrum
Department
of English Teaching
Faculty
of Letters and Arts Education IKIP PGRI Madiun
julisetyo86@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Film is one of the popular
literary product that are produced to entertain. Film is the object material
for this research study. This research analyzes about espionage in Salt film. It analyzes focus in
Espionage that happen in the world. Espionage practices in Salt film are related closely to the espionage in the world. The
aim of this research is to analyze why is the espionage still exist up to 21st
century. A study of popular literature is chosen by the researcher in
order to analyze the research problems. The results of the research are to show that United States is the winner of Cold War with its
espionage activity.Salt is an
espionage film that contains the high intelligence, secret cover, spy cases,
and war of ideology. The development of espionage films where Hollywood always
makes United States as the winner is the evident that espionage film is
populer. The popularity of espionage films is influenced by the espionage
practices in the real world. Espionage in the 21st century still
occurs in some countries with difference motives. The purposes of the espionage
activities are to show the superiority, power and existence of some countries
especially United States as an international police in the world.
Key terms:
Popular Literature, Espionage, Hollywood
I.
INTRODUCTION
Everything that is trend in the society
is influenced by the popular culture. Popular culture is
the mass culture (Strinati, 1995: 1). It is produced by
the mass production industry and marketed for profit to a mass public of
customers. The product of the popular culture in the literary
work is known as the popular literature that accepted and desired by the society and become popular (Adi, 2011: 24). The purposes of the
popular literature are to supply the requirement of the modern society that
always need entertainment, knowledge and for the commercial business.
Film is an example of popular literature.
The researcher chooses Salt
film as the object materialbecausethis film has the challenging theme.
Espionage is the theme of this film wherethere is still unanswered question,
"Who is Salt?" Make this film so interesting. Next, the general
action espionage films which are always starred by men that show their
masculinity and good action capability, but Salt
is starred with Angelina Jolie, who acts a lot of dangerous actionsmostly
by herself without the stunt actor. So, the researcher wants to analyze how she
works undercover in Salt film.
Salt
is the 2010 American action thriller espionage film that is inspired from the
setting of Cold War era between United States and Soviet Union. Competition
between the superpowers and their allies physically has finished but the
espionage still happen until now. The
Salt film is produced and distributed by the Columbia Picture, directed by
Philip Noyce, written by Kurt Wimmer, and starred by Angelina Jolie, Liev
Schreiber, Daniel Olbrychski, August Diehl, and Chiwetel Ejiofor. This film is
the successful film in 2010, with United States and Canada box-office receipts
$118,311,368, in other countries receipts $175,191,986 and for a worldwide
total of $293,503,354 (Box Office Mojo, 2015). Getting awards and making
nominees show that this film is popular.
The salient motifs of the Cold War are the story of espionage. Espionage
is the activity of operating with the greatest secrecy, get the rival’s crucial
information with the secret operation. Codes, cryptology, and secret writing
are the ways to send the information and the crucial messages are not
understood by the enemy (Lerner and Lerner, 2004: 22). The espionage agency of
United States is called the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Komitet
Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (KGB) is Soviet Union’s espionage agency. There
are many cases of the espionage which done by the CIA and KGB to get the
enemy’s information since the Cold War period until the 21st
century. The researcher wonders to know whether espionage still exists after
Cold War era.
Concerning the assumptions above, the
researcher will investigate the phenomenon based on the assumption that Cold
War between United States and Soviet
Union is never end. By espionage films, Hollywood wants to show the power of
United States. So, the researcher conducts a research under the title
“Espionage in Salt Film: A Study of
Popular Literature.
II.
RESEARCH
METHOD
A qualitative design is applied for this research. The researcher
analyzes the espionage that consideration with qualitative phenomena. In
qualitative research to begin the study the researcher gets data of the primary
data and secondary data (Ary et al., 2010: 443). In this research, the primary
data is the Salt film. The secondary
sources that have done by the researcher are from books, articles, webs, and
other espionage films that related with the analysis of the espionage as study
of popular literature. The researcher uses documentation as data collection
technique to analyze the espionage in Salt
film. In this research, the researcher analyzes the data using content
analysis. The
reseacher analyzes the visual material as the documents of popular culture that
is film of Salt.
III.
RESULTS
The Cold War is
more emphasized on the rivalry of spreading the ideology between United States
and Soviet Union or it can be said as the war of ideology. The aim of the
spreading ideology is to get support from the other countries. United States
and Soviet Union compete to expand their ideologies around the world. The film
of Salt presents the ideology war
between United States and North Korea. The ideology of United States is an
imperial liberalism, so Evelyn Salt is American imperialist. Evelyn Salt as the
American who is arrested as a spy by the North Korea. United States and North
Korea have different ideology where United States is liberalis and North Korea
as allies country os Soviet Union is communist. United States and North
Korea have bad relationship and suspicious each other since the
Cold War era until now. North Korea and United
States involve in the Korean War at 1950s. They
are still hostile since the conflict end only in an armistice
but not in peace treaty.
The
other ideology war in Salt film is
when Soviet Union doctrines its ideology to the citizen with the purpose to
destroy the enemy’s ideology. When Orlov tells a great secret
about Soviet Union’s mission to Evelyn Salt. A baby from the Chenkov’s family
who is guessed have died of fever, but the fact that she is still alive. The
child is kidnapped by the master spy of Soviet. The child and other children
are brainwashed by doctrine anti-United States and loyal to their country. They
are doctrined about the ideology of Soviet Union since they are childhood up to
adulthood. They are sent to United States and adopted by the American family.
They become American with the great mission as Soviet Union’s agents. They are
expected to work in the important state institutions in United States, so they
get a lot of crucial data and information about the country. It takes up to 30 years to carry out
the mission, but they are able to implant the idealism and make the mission
happen.
What happens with Evelyn Salt does not match with what is expected. She is a
Soviet secret agent who works undercover for United States. During her time as
a member of the CIA, Evelyn Salt promises to be faithful to her duties as a
member of the CIA and United States. It is contrary to the ideology that have
been doctrined to her by Soviet Union. It can be said that Evelyn Salt is a
double agent. At the end of the story, Evelyn Salt stands for United States
because Soviet Union’s mission does not match with her conscience.
There are same
cases of espionase activities that implied in Salt film and some espionage films. Those arethe recruitment of
espionage agent, the placement of espionage agent, the secret cover of espionage agen, the women agent in
espionage, and the special devices of espionage agent.
IV.
DISCUSSION
Entering the 21st
century the era of the Cold War comes to a new phase. This is caused by the
rise of Soviet Union and new countries that will be the next competitors to
United States. Although the Cold War is ending, but there are a lot of legacies
which still continues today. One of them is a war of espionage between the
Western countries that are led by United States against the allied countries of
Soviet Union and the countries that will be the next competitors to United
States.Espionage remains an integral component of United States foreign policy
as a source of information gathering from all over the world.
The existence of the
espionage activity in 21st century can be proved with many up to
date cases of espionage in the world with different motives such as espionage
in middle east, south asia, east asia, and russia. Espionage activities of
United States in Middle East have done in some countries such as Iran, Iraq,
and Libanon. The espionage in Iran, Iraq, and Libanon basically have the same
motive about terorism and nuclear program. Espionage activities also happen in South Asia. United States thinks that
South Asia is dangerous region where many terorist groups appear from South
Asia. There are some countries as the objects of United States’ espionage
activity such as Pakistan and Afganistan. Countries in East Asia also to be
target of United States’ espionage. The motive of espionage in East Asia is
different with the motive in South Asia and Middle East. The espionage motive
is not about the terorism, but focus to spread of communism. North Korea and
China are communist countries. United States focuses its espionage activity to
both countries. Russia is old enemy of United States, so the espionage of
United States to Russia is about spreading of communism ideology.
From Salt films,
it can be seen espionage of United States against North Korea that is more emphasis
on the nuclear interests. It shows that United States is a superpoweract as a world
police.United States is a world police feel threatened by the existence of
North Korea where North Korea has the capability to develop nuclear.
Then, in Salt films also there is espionage of
Soviet Union against United States. Soviet Union’s espionage againsts United
States is more emphasis on the interests of Soviet Union to destroy United
States that is termed as the "Day X". With the destruction of United
States, then Soviet Union will appear to be a superpower in the world. Beside the motive to
destroy the power of United States, espionage agent in United States has a
mission to malign United States. In the end of Salt film, United States has fallen by Soviet Union’s agent (Ted
Winter) who is ready for a nuclear launch from United States (White House). The
nuclear missiles will launch to Tehran and Mecca. Soviet Union expects all
countries in the world will condemn United States for nuclear launch into the
Islamic countries
One of the most preferred genre and
always enter the box office is the espionage action film. It is proven by the
success of many espionage films with very familiar titles such as The Bourne, Mission: Impossible, James Bond,
Salt, etc. Espionage has become a very popular theme in the Hollywood film
industry since the 1940s until the emergence of James Bond in the 1960s. The
story of a secret agent
with sophisticated weapons is wrapped in full story of intrigue into the theme
that is quite interesting and able to attract the attention of the audience.
Now, after the World
War and the Cold War, espionage theme remain in Hollywood. Espionage films in
the 2000s have been mixed with a superhero story, sophisticated technology, and
supported by the sophisticated visual effects. Espionage films experience
transformation from the old time to recent appearance. The transformation of
the Espionage films is important to discuss by the researcher because this
phenomenon will answer why the espionage still exists up to 21st century.
History of espionage
films in the late 20th century up to 21st century has
influenced by the two developments that relate to each other. The political
situation in the world and the growth of the popular mass media give influence
to the development of the espionage films. The 20th century is
marked by the presence of the Cold War era. With the background of Cold War, it
gives greater impact on the development of the espionage films. This era is known as the Spy Mania - an
explosion in the espionage thriller, especially in the TV series and novels.
Covert operations against the enemy. Through commercial film that the story has
been politicized, then the film as a popular product into a weapon of
confrontation between the two world systems in the Cold War era. The film takes
place against a background of tension between United States and Soviet Union.
The film that appears in the Cold War era includes the Red Dawn (1984) and The Spy
Who Came In From The Cold (1963).
In the early 21st century
and after the case in September day (September 11, 2001), the story of the
espionage films focuses on the “War on Terror”. Dujmovic (2009: 7) states,
“Intelligence professionals of the 21st century, particularly those engaged in
the counterterrorism mission, could use an inspirational icon from the world of
literature to replace the outdated figure of James Bond.” So, the terrorist
attacks in September 11, 2001 has opened a new era of espionage films that
featured the CIA against the terrorist (McCrisken, 2015: 310). The examples of espionage
film about terorism are the film entitled Syriana (2005), Argo (2012), Thirteen Days
(2000), Get Smart (2008), Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol
(2011), etc.
Many espionage films
with the theme of conflict between America and Russia show that the rivalry
between United States and Russia is never ending. The competition is
transformed into a form of war in the film that seemed eternal. Many films that
tell the Russian effort against the Americans. Start of smuggling secret agent,
to burn down America with nuclear. So it can be concluded that the Cold War
between the superpowers is not over. Beside that, there are the latest
espionage films Kingsman: The Secret Service (2015) and Spy (2015). Kingsman:
The Secret Service (2015)
is the genre of espionage film with a mix of action, adventure, and comedy.
Those films are just for entertaining the audiences.
Hollywood is a giant studio, the film industry's
center since the end of World War I (Auge, 2002: 148). CIA supervises the
activities of Hollywood and other American media will continue. The CIA has
long been infiltrating agents in the film industry, press and other mass media
in United States and also the countries that are considered important. This
activity is in order to pave the ambitions of United States imperialism as a
superpower. A way in the end of
Hollywood’s espionage films always show that United States’ agent as the
winner. Hollywood’s espionage films convey the messages, values and ideas
that guide the audiences in order to support United States government and CIA
to save the world from the crime. The agents of CIA on their mission to save
the world from crime always get the victory.
Hollywood’s
espionage films succeed to attract the public attention in United States
because it shows the heroism of CIA’s agents. So, CIA’s agents in the espionage
films become the icon about the power of CIA. Hollywood creates many icons of CIA’s
agent through espionage films that are produced. Most of espionage films that
are produced by Hollywood tells the story of a CIA’s agent. The espionage films
and icons of the secret agents created by Hollywood are expected that the films
are able to achieve a certain mission. One of the missions behind the films is
to create a positive image of United States. United States is as superpower and
world police. From this description, it can be concluded that Hollywood is
still one of the tools of United States government agencies, including Pentagon
and CIA.
The transformation of the espionage
films from time to time reflects the interest of the audiences or the film
lovers to the espionage films. It is a motivation for the Hollywood to continue
create the newest espionage films to fulfil the market demand. It means that
the espionage films are the popular film in literature and amuse the audiences.
V.
CONCLUSION
Symbolically, Cold War is over, but practically the war is not over. The
end of Cold War is not the end of popular literature that theme on Cold War.
Espionage is a new form of Cold War. There are same cases of espionage such as
the recruitment of espionage agent, the placement of espionage agent, the secret cover of espionage agent, the
women agent in espionage, and the special devices of
espionage agent. The appearances and practices of espionage between
United States and Soviet Union are reflected in Salt film. In Salt film, Evelyn Salt is recruited become a Soviet Union’s agent.
She is a double agent who works in CIA for Soviet Union. She does secret cover
with rubber
mask to hide her true identity and uses some
special devices in her espionage activities. This film shows that United States
is the winner of Cold War with its espionage activity.
Espionage still exists up to 21st
century because United States as the superpower tries to be a superior in
the world. United States does espionage activities to the some
countries in the world and have the difference motives. United States’ espionage
includes spy activities in Afghanistan and in Pakistan suspected as the
terrorist hideout, in China and Soviet Union as countries whose the communist
ideology and economy grow rapidly, in Iran and the Middle East as area with the
nuclear exploration programs, and North Korea as the communist.
Espionage
becomes very popular theme in the Hollywood. The
transformation of the espionage films are done by Hollywood to fulfil the
market demand. Beside getting income, there is a secret mission of Hollywood to
show the superiority and power of America as an international police.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The reseacher would like to
gratitude to the following persons: Mr. Marno, Mrs.
Sulastri, Asep Isakandar, Ar-rafa Muhammad Ilyas, Septian Dwi Firmansyah, Mrs.
Lusia KDP, and all of the Literature lovers.
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on February 23, 2015
Selasa, 27 Oktober 2015
MISSING LYRIC
MISSING
LYRIC
I am a Muslim
I am a Muslim, the things I say
In everything I do, every day
We are Muslim, the things we say
In everything we .....(1) every day
Du du du du Bismillah, Alhamdulillah
I am a Muslim and this I know
I need to eat so that I will grow
We are Muslim and thus we .....(2)
We need to eat so that we will grow
When we eat we
say Bismilllah
When we’re full we say Alhamdulillah
Water, juice,
and milk, these I/we ....(3)
Are so delicious for me/us to drink
When we ............(4)
we say Bismillah
When we’re .....(5), we say Alhamdulillah
..............(6) out with my mum and dad
Coming home oh what fun we had
............. (7) in the car, Bismillah
..............(8) safely home, Alhamdulillah
I/we go to ......(9)
saying Allah’s name
And in the morning I/we do the same
When we sleep we
say Bismillah
When we .....(10) we say Alhamdulillah
I am a Muslim, the things I say
In everything I do, every day
We are Muslim, the things we say
In everything we do, every day
Du du du du Bismillah, Alhamdulillah
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